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Slavery in the Muslim world first developed out of the slavery practices of pre-Islamic Arabia,〔Lewis 1994, (Ch.1 )〕 and were at times radically different, depending on social-political factors such as the Arab slave trade. Two rough estimates by scholars of the number of slaves held over twelve centuries in Muslim lands are 11.5 million〔(of black slave trade in the Muslim world from Sahara, Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes thru the 19th century comes to an estimated 11,500,000, "a figure not far short of the 11,863,000 estimated to have been loaded onto ships during the four centuries of the Atlantic slave trade." (Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformation in Slavery (CUP, 1983)〕 and 14 million.〔Raymond Mauvy estimates a total of 14 million black slaves were traded in Islam thru the 20th Century, including 300,000 for part of the 20th century. (p.57, source: "Les Siecles obsurs de l'Afrique Noire (Paris: Fayard, 1970) )〕 Under Sharia (Islamic law),〔〔Brunschvig. 'Abd; ''Encyclopedia of Islam''〕 children of slaves or prisoners of war could become slaves but only non-Muslims.〔Du Pasquier, Roger, ''Unveiling Islam'', p.67〕 Manumission of a slave was encouraged as a way of expiating sins.〔Gordon 1987, page 40.〕 Many early converts to Islam, such as Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi, were the poor and former slaves.〔The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English By Ali Ünal Page 1323 ()〕〔Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, Slaves and Slavery〕〔Bilal b. Rabah, Encyclopedia of Islam〕〔''The Cambridge History of Islam'' (1977), p.36〕 In theory, slavery in Islamic law does not have a racial or color component, although this has not always been the case in practice.〔Bernard Lewis, ''Race and Color in Islam,'' Harper and Row, 1970, quote on page 38. The brackets are displayed by Lewis.〕 Throughout Islamic history, slaves served in various social and economic roles, from powerful Emirs to harshly treated workers. Early on in Muslim history they were used in plantation labor similar to that in the Americas, but this was abandoned after harsh treatment led to destructive slave revolts,〔 the most notable being the Zanj Rebellion.〔Clarence-Smith (2006), pp.2-5〕 Slaves were widely employed in irrigation, mining, pastoralism, but the most common use was as soldiers, guards and domestic workers.〔 Some rulers relied on military and administrative slaves to such a degree that the slaves were sometimes in the position to seize power. Among black slaves, there were roughly two females to every one male.〔 Because internal growth of the slave population was not enough to fulfill the demand in Muslim society, massive numbers of non-Muslim slaves were imported, resulting in enormous suffering and loss of life from their capture and transportation.〔Lewis 1990, page 10〕 The Arab slave trade was most active in West Asia, North Africa, and Southeast Africa. In the early 20th century (post World War I), slavery was gradually outlawed and suppressed in Muslim lands, largely due to pressure exerted by Western nations such as Britain and France.〔 Among the last states to abolish slavery were Saudi Arabia and Yemen, which abolished slavery in 1962 under pressure from Britain; Oman in 1970, and Mauritania in 1905, 1981, and again in August 2007.〔Martin A. Klein (2002), Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition, Page xxii, books.google.com/books?isbn=0810841029〕 However, slavery claiming the sanction of Islam is documented presently in the predominantly Islamic countries of Chad, Mauritania, Niger, Mali, and Sudan.〔Segal, ''Islam's Black Slaves'', 2001: p.206〕〔Segal, ''Islam's Black Slaves'', 2001: p.222〕 ==Slavery in pre-Islamic Arabia== Slavery was widely practiced in pre-Islamic Arabia, as well as in the rest of the ancient and early medieval world. The minority were white slaves of foreign extraction, likely brought in by Arab caravaners (or the product of Bedouin captures) stretching back to biblical times. Native Arab slaves had also existed, a prime example being Zayd ibn Harithah, later to become Muhammad's adopted son. Arab slaves, however, usually obtained as captives, were generally ransomed off amongst nomad tribes.〔 The slave population increased by the custom of child abandonment (see also infanticide), and by the kidnapping, or, occasionally, the sale of small children.〔Lewis (1992) p. 4〕 Whether enslavement for debt or the sale of children by their families was common is disputed. (Abd Brunschvig argues it was rare,〔 according to Jonathan E. Brockopp debt slavery was persistent.〔Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, ''Slaves and Slavery''〕) Free persons could sell their offspring, or even themselves, into slavery. Enslavement was also possible as a consequence of committing certain offenses against the law, as in the Roman Empire.〔 Two classes of slave existed: a purchased slave, and a slave born in the master's home. Over the latter the master had complete rights of ownership, though these slaves were unlikely to be sold or disposed of by the master. Female slaves were at times forced into prostitution for the benefit of their masters, in accordance with Near Eastern customs.〔〔Mendelsohn (1949) pp. 54—58 〕〔John L Esposito (1998) p. 79〕 The historical accounts of the early years of Islam report that "slaves of non-Muslim masters ... suffered brutal punishments. Sumayyah bint Khayyat is famous as the first martyr of Islam, having been killed with a spear by Abū Jahl when she refused to give up her faith. Abu Bakr freed Bilal when his master, Umayya ibn Khalaf, placed a heavy rock on his chest in an attempt to force his conversion."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Slavery in the Muslim World」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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